Mind programing

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notes:

bottom-up
top-down

Attentional control of the processing of neutral and emotional stimuli
A typical scene contains many different objects that compete for neural representation due to the limited processing capacity of the visual system. At the neural level, competition among multiple stimuli is evidenced by the mutual suppression of their visually evoked responses and occurs most strongly at the level of the receptive field. The competition among multiple objects can be biased by both bottom-up sensory-driven mechanisms and top-down influences, such as selective attention. Functional brain imaging studies reveal that biasing signals due to selective attention can modulate neural activity in visual cortex not only in the presence but also in the absence of visual stimulation. Although the competition among stimuli for representation is ultimately resolved within visual cortex, the source of top-down biasing signals likely derives from a distributed network of areas in frontal and parietal cortex. Competition suggests that once attentional resources are depleted, no further processing is possible. Yet, existing data suggest that emotional stimuli activate brain regions ‘automatically,’ largely immune from attentional control. We tested the alternative possibility, namely, that the neural processing of stimuli with emotional content is not automatic and instead requires some degree of attention. Our results revealed that, contrary to the prevailing view, all brain regions responding differentially to emotional faces, including the amygdala, did so only when sufficient attentional resources were available to process the faces. Thus, similar to the processing of other stimulus categories, the processing of facial expression is under top-down control.

Sensory suppression and attentional modulation in human visual cortex.
(A) Sensory suppression in V2 and V4. As shown by the time series of fMRI signals, simultaneously presented stimuli (SIM) evoked less activity than sequentially presented stimuli (SEQ).
(B) Attentional modulation of sensory suppression. The sensory suppression effect was replicated in the unattended condition of this experiment, when the subjects’ attention was directed away from the stimulus display (unshaded time series). Spatially directed attention (blue shaded time series) increased responses to simultaneously presented stimuli to a larger degree than to sequentially presented ones (see arrows).




From Thought to Action: The Parietal Cortex as a Bridge between Perception, Action, and Cognition

The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) is a subdivision of the inferior parietal lobe that has been implicated in the guidance of spatial attention. In a variety of tasks, LIP provides a “salience representation” of the external world—a topographic visual representation that encodes the locations of salient or behaviorally relevant objects. Recent neurophysiological experiments show that this salience representation incorporates information about multiple behavioral variables—such as a specific motor response, reward, or category membership—associated with the task-relevant object. This integration occurs in a wide variety of tasks, including those requiring eye or limb movements or goal-directed or nontargeting operant responses. Thus, LIP acts as a multifaceted behavioral integrator that binds visuospatial, motor, and cognitive information into a topographically organized signal of behavioral salience. By specifying attentional priority as a synthesis of multiple task demands, LIP operates at the interface of perception, action, and cognition.

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Based on empirical and simulation data we propose that an initial phase of perception (stimulus recognition) occurs 80–100 ms from stimulus onset under optimal conditions. It is followed by a conscious episode (broadcast) 200–280 ms after stimulus onset, and an action selection phase 60–110 ms from the start of the conscious phase. One cognitive cycle would therefore take 260–390 ms. The LIDA timing model is consistent with brain evidence indicating a fundamental role for a theta-gamma wave, spreading forward from sensory cortices to rostral corticothalamic regions. This posteriofrontal theta-gamma wave may be experienced as a conscious perceptual event starting at 200–280 ms post stimulus.

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Ad ... ne.0014803


Theta-gamma coupling.
Three gamma cycles are sequentially “embedded” in a theta cycle. (A), (B), and (C) depict the temporal activity pattern of three different neuronal assemblies oscillating in the gamma range. Each is phase-locked to the underlying theta rhythm with a different phase offset, as indicated by the dashed lines. This type of coupling is known as phase-amplitude coupling, because the amplitude modulation of each gamma pattern is locked to a particular phase of the theta pattern (S).

Performing cognitive tasks modulates oscillatory brain activity in various frequency bands, including both the theta (4–7 Hz) and gamma (30–150 Hz) bands. Gamma-band phase synchrony (Figure 2) has been associated with perceptual binding and awareness. Numerous studies have observed the occurrence of gamma activity coherence with perceptual [41], [42] as well as long-term [43] and working-memory-related [39] object representations. Synchronized gamma-band oscillatory activity has also been shown to play an important role in the coding of short-term memory information [24], [44], [45]. Moreover, modulation of gamma activity has been demonstrated in attentional selection [46]-[48], and phase-locked gamma synchrony between ascending and descending systems in a sensorimotor task [39]. Many of these studies have observed that activity across different cortical columns representing the percept of an object is gamma synchronized (e.g. [42]). Thus, the neuronal ensembles responsible for various cognitive processes involved in the processing of a percept, taking place during a cognitive cycle, operate at and are integrated by an internal oscillation frequency in the gamma band.


Phase synchrony between two oscillations.
The upper part shows two oscillations (in red and blue), and the lower part their phase-differences. In the two gray areas framed by dotted lines the oscillations are highly phase synchronous and the phase differences are low. Such phase-synchrony in the gamma band has been proposed to be responsible for perceptual binding (for example, cortical columns representing the same object are gamma synchronized).


The construction of such gamma-synchronous neural ensembles has been claimed to be governed by theta-rhythms [37], [49]. This might be the integration mechanism required for consciousness: in this view, consciousness emerges from large-scale functional integration of these gamma-synchronous ensembles that form and dissolve at the theta frequency band [37].

Only one perceptual experience can be contained in a single phase of theta-modulated gamma-synchrony [37], consistently with the attentional blink ([50], see also Results section) and other studies of perceptual synchrony [51]. This indicates that these phases of synchrony define discrete ‘frames’ of consciousness, which, in the LIDA model, correspond to cognitive cycles [16], [38]. An approximate lower time limit for a single cognitive cycle can already be deduced from this hypothesis. Since each cycle is concerned with a single conscious content, and a new conscious content requires theta-gamma synchronization, conscious processing in the cognitive cycles has to occur at theta rates (4–7 Hz). Therefore cognitive cycles have to take at least 140–250 ms. However, since cognitive cycles can cascade as long as they preserve the seriality of consciousness, they could take longer than that (see Results section).

An important hypothesis of the LIDA model is the discreteness of consciousness. Humans can only have a single conscious content at a time, and there are short breaks between these periods of consciousness. In the words of Franklin et al. [8], “conscious events occur as a sequence of discrete, coherent episodes separated by quite short periods of no conscious content” (see also [52]) - similar to the frames of a movie, the ‘frames’ of consciousness are discrete but are experienced as being continuous (although this analogy is not entirely accurate).

This view is consistent with the idea of consciousness emerging from theta-gamma coupling. Gamma-oscillatory neural ensembles are synchronized as well as desynchronized at theta rates. The transient periods of desynchronization, also called phase scattering, reflect unconscious processing in the brain, thus “ending each ‘frame’ of [conscious] perceptual experience” [37]. These periods of desynchronization have also been observed, and pointed out, to play a role in the transition from one cognitive content to another by [51],[53]–[56]. (For more neuroscientific results about consciousness see the Results and Discussion section below). In psychology, Stroud [57] was one of the first authors to propose the idea of discrete frames or ‘moments’ underlying consciousness. His ‘Discrete Moment Hypothesis’ included two important underlying assumptions: a) a complete loss of time-order information within one conscious ‘moment’, and b) a distinct and non-overlapping set of percepts for each ‘moment’. This strict view of discrete consciousness has been regarded with some skepticism. Allport [58], for instance, has conducted experiments on phenomenal simultaneity, which seem to contradict the Discrete Moment Hypothesis – they are, however, compatible with LIDAs consciousness model, as can be seen from the Results section, in which we replicated the data from Allport's experiment using a LIDA-based agent

In the LIDA model, single conscious episodes are discrete but, contrary to Stroud's [57] view, not necessarily distinct – a current conscious ‘moment’ can contain percepts from a previous moment. Whether or not an older percept remains conscious depends on how long in the past it has been perceived, and on attentional modulation – percepts that are subjectively important and attended to can persist longer in consciousness. To improve our earlier movie analogy, the ‘frames’ of consciousness in the LIDA model could be compared to a movie shown on a phosphor-based electronic display (CRT): although the frames are discrete, new images on the screen contain past information (see Figure 3). As we will see in the Results section, this approach resolves the empirical contradictions of the Discrete Moment Hypothesis.

Schematic comparison of the Discrete Moment Hypothesis (top) and LIDA's discrete consciousness hypothesis (bottom).

The colored frames represent the temporal constraints of a perceptual moment or conscious ‘frame’, and the black rectangles symbolize incoming percepts. In LIDA, important percepts from previous conscious ‘frames’ can remain conscious (rectangles left of the dashed lines in the coloured frames in the bottom picture).



It is important to point out the asynchrony of the LIDA cognitive cycle. Cycles can cascade as long as they preserve the seriality of consciousness. Furthermore, the components of the cognitive cycle described below should not be seen as serial stages of information processing. The components operate asynchronously - although coordinated, each component has its own internal mechanism and agenda. Components receiving inputs from others are not triggered by those inputs, but rather run continuously at their specified frequencies of operation



1) Perception. Sensory stimuli, external or internal, are received and interpreted by perception producing the beginnings of meaning.

2) Percept to preconscious buffer. The percept, including some of the data plus the meaning, as well as possible relational structures, is stored in the preconscious buffers of LIDA's working memory (workspace). Temporary structures are built.

3) Local associations. Using the incoming percept and the residual contents of working memory, including emotional content, as cues, local associations are automatically retrieved from transient episodic memory and from declarative memory, and stored in long-term working memory.

4) Competition for consciousness. Attention codelets view long-term working memory, and bring novel, relevant, urgent, or insistent events to consciousness.

5) Conscious broadcast. A coalition of codelets, typically an attention codelet and its covey of related informational content, gains access to the global workspace and has its content broadcast consciously. Thus consciousness solves the relevancy problem in recruiting resources.

6) Recruitment of resources. Relevant schemes in Procedural Memory respond to the conscious broadcast. These are typically schemes (underlain by behavior codelets) whose context is relevant to information in the conscious broadcast. Thus consciousness solves the relevancy problem in recruiting resources.

7) Setting goal context hierarchy. The recruited schemes use the contents of consciousness, including feelings/emotions, to instantiate new goal context hierarchies (copies of themselves) into the Action Selection system), bind their variables, and increase their activation. Other, environmental, conditions determine which of the earlier behaviors (goal contexts) also receive variable binding and/or additional activation.

8) Action chosen. The Action Selection module chooses a single behavior (scheme, goal context), from a just instantiated behavior stream or possibly from a previously active stream. Each selection of a behavior includes the generation of an expectation codelet (see the next step).

9) Action taken. The execution of a behavior (goal context) results in the behavior codelets performing their specialized tasks, having external or internal consequences, or both. LIDA is taking an action. The acting codelets also include at least one expectation codelet whose task it is to monitor the action, bringing to consciousness any failure in the expected results.

As shown in Figure 4, multiple learning mechanisms are initiated following the broadcast of conscious content. In the perceptual associative memory learning of new entities and associations, and the reinforcement of old ones occur, events are encoded in the Transient Episodic Memory, and new schemes may be learned and old schemes reinforced in Procedural Memory; in all of the learning processes, the conscious content determines what is to be learned. For more information about the LIDA model and its cognitive cycle see [8], [16].

This perceptual duration seems to provide an appropriate upper limit for the perception process in general, since information from other modalities is processed in this range or even faster in the human brain. For example, auditory (and somatosensory) event related responses in the sensory cortices can commence in less than 50 ms [74], and the entire auditory neural representation can be built during the N1 stage in ~100 ms [75], [76].

Cognitive Processing and Consciousness

According to the LIDA model and GWT (see Introduction), a major functional role of consciousness is to distribute important perceptual information to different, specialized brain areas. (Novel Hypothesis 5 in [8]) It is possible to derive a way to measure the elapsed time between the sensing of a stimulus and its becoming a conscious event from this hypothesis. Unconscious processing of the stimulus appears to be more localized in sensory areas (e.g. the visual cortex for visual stimuli), meaning that these areas have the highest activity in the unconscious processing stage. Conscious processing can be said to start at the moment other brain areas, for example those involved in decision making/action selection (e.g. pre-frontal areas, see next section), become highly active – this information can be derived from fast brain imaging techniques.

There are experimental indications that this distribution of information, termed the conscious broadcast [16] commences about 200–280 ms post stimulus (Figure 6).

An MEG study using a different visual paradigm (subjects had to decide whether a cue – a faint circular grating – has been present or absent during stimulus presentation) concluded 240 ms post stimulus as the onset of awareness-related activity [80

Doesburg et al. found that gamma-oscillatory networks across the brain, formed and dissolved at the theta frequency band, are time-locked to perceptual switching (they are time-locked to which of the two stimuli the subject is aware of). On a spectral diagram of their results they could identify the times in which the subject was aware of one or the other stimulus, signified by high levels of theta-gamma phase synchronization. The resulting time until one of the stimuli became conscious was 260–380 ms (the temporal distance between the subject being consciously aware of the first and then the second stimulus).The lower time limit is consistent with a previous experiment by the same authors [55], which observed maximal phase synchrony 220–280 ms post stimulus. It is also consistent with the iEEG, EEG and MEG studies described above.

In attentional blink experiments, two masked visual stimuli are presented in short succession. For short stimulus onset asynchronies, the identification of the first target hinders the detection of the second target (although the second target is easily seen if the temporal distance between the two targets is increased). The worst identification performance of the second stimulus has been observed at delays of about 225 ms between the onsets of the two stimuli [50], which is consistent with the LIDA hypothesis that there can be only one conscious content in one cognitive cycle [8], [16]. This idea is also described by Doesburg et al., who write that after one period of phase synchronization (of the subject being conscious of a stimulus), desynchronization is required before the next period of synchronization; and that during one period of synchronization the subject can be conscious of only one stimulus [37].

In an experiment conducted by Nachev et al. [86], subjects were asked to either follow a specific movement plan or to choose freely between two alternatives in an oculomotor change-of-plan task. After free choice, subjects could be asked to continue their plan or to rapidly change it. Directed trials in which subjects failed to change their planned saccade had latencies 107 ms (median) shorter than trials where the plan change was successful, indicating that the process of selecting a different action took 107 ms.

Taylor et al. [87] have used TMS to interfere with preSMA activity, which disrupted subjects' decision whether they should respond with their left or right hand, if applied in the time window between 180 and 300 ms. Since awareness of a stimulus is a prerequisite of making a conscious decision, the time until the conscious broadcast (200–270 ms, see previous section) can be subtracted from this window, yielding 20–90 ms as the duration of the action selection process.

Philiastides et al. [88] conducted an EEG experiment where subjects had to do a perceptual decision making task, deciding whether there was a face in the shown stimulus (faces in the stimuli had different coherence levels). They found brain activity strongly correlated with the subjects' decision 300 ms post stimulus. They also identified a component at 220 ms the strength of which systematically increased with task difficulty, to which they have assigned the top-down influence of attention (which is consistent with other experiments dealing with attention and consciousness). Subtracting these two times yields an action selection duration of 80 ms.

Motor execution can therefore be said to take around 20 ms

The reaction times of young adults has been proposed to be in the range of 190–220 ms [92]. Results from this and other reaction time experiments include the time taken for motor execution, which was not included in our discussion of the cognitive cycle above, and can be said to be around 20 ms (see previous section).The time of the propagation of action potentials, from the motor cortex to evoking hand muscle responses, takes about 20 ms (motor response was evoked 19–24 ms after TMS stimulation of the motor cortex in an experiment by Capaday et al. [90]; which is consistent with the axonal conduction delays of motor neurons [91]). Subtracting this delay, the cognitive cycle duration in these experiments can be inferred to be around 170–200 ms, which is comparable to the lower limit of the cognitive cycle duration described. For choice tasks, reaction times are in the range 356–400 ms if there are two choices [93], which is very close to the upper limit of the proposed cognitive cycle duration.

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This induction works because shaking hands is one of the actions learned and operated as a single "chunk" of behavior; tying shoelaces is another classic example. If the behavior is diverted or frozen midway, the person literally has no mental space for this - he is stopped in the middle of unconsciously executing a behavior that hasn't got a "middle". The mind responds by suspending itself in trance until either something happens to give a new direction, or it "snaps out". A skilled hypnotist can often use that momentary confusion and suspension of normal processes to induce trance quickly and easily.

Erickson described the routine as follows:

Initiation: When I begin by shaking hands, I do so normally. The "hypnotic touch" then begins when I let loose. The letting loose becomes transformed from a firm grip into a gentle touch by the thumb, a lingering drawing away of the little finger, a faint brushing of the subject's hand with the middle finger - just enough vague sensation to attract the attention. As the subject gives attention to the touch of your thumb, you shift to a touch with your little finger. As your subject's attention follows that, you shift to a touch with your middle finger and then again to the thumb.
This arousal of attention is merely an arousal without constituting a stimulus for a response.
The subject's withdrawal from the handshake is arrested by this attention arousal, which establishes a waiting set, and expectancy.
Then almost, but not quite simultaneously (to ensure separate neural recognition), you touch the undersurface of the hand (wrist) so gently that it barely suggests an upward push. This is followed by a similar utterly slight downward touch, and then I sever contact so gently that the subject does not know exactly when - and the subject's hand is left going neither up nor down, but cataleptic.
Termination: If you don't want your subject to know what you are doing, you simply distract their attention, usually by some appropriate remark, and casually terminate. Sometimes they remark, "What did you say? I got absentminded there for a moment and wasn't paying attention to anything." This is slightly distressing to the subjects and indicative of the fact that their attention was so focused and fixated on the peculiar hand stimuli that they were momentarily entranced so they did not hear what was said.
Utilisation: Any utilisation leads to increasing trance depth. All utilisation should proceed as a continuation of extension of the initial procedure. Much can be done nonverbally; for example, if any subjects are just looking blankly at me, I may slowly shift my gaze downward, causing them to look at their hand, which I touch and say "look at this spot.". This intensifies the trance state. Then, whether the subjects are looking at you or at their hand or just staring blankly, you can use your left hand to touch their elevated right hand from above or the side - so long as you merely give the suggestion of downward movement. Occasionally a downward nudge or push is required. If a strong push or nudge is required, check for anaesthesia.[11]


Any habitual pattern which is interrupted unexpectedly will cause sudden and light trance. The handshake is a particularly good pattern to interrupt because the formality of a handshake is a widely understood set of social rules. Since everyone knows that it would be impolite to comment on the quality of a handshake, regardless of how strange it may be, the subject is obliged to embark on an inner search (known as a transderivational search, a universal and compelling type of trance) to identify the meaning or purpose of the subverted pattern.



Encouraging Resistance - For Erickson, the classic therapeutic request to "tell me everything about..." was both aggressive and disrespectful, instead he would ask the resistant patient to withhold information and only to tell what they were really ready to reveal:

I usually say, "There are a number of things that you don't want me to know about, that you don't want to tell me. There are a lot of things about yourself that you don't want to discuss, therefore let's discuss those that you are willing to discuss." She has blanket permission to withhold anything and everything. But she did come to discuss things. And therefore she starts discussing this, discussing that. And it's always "Well, this is all right to talk about." And before she's finished, she has mentioned everything. And each new item - "Well, this really isn't so important that I have to withhold it. I can use the withholding permission for more important matters." Simply a hypnotic technique. To make them respond to the idea of withholding, and to respond to the idea of communicating.[12]

Some people might react to a direction by thinking "why should I?" or "You can't make me", called a polarity response because it motivates the subject to consider the polar opposite of the suggestion. The conscious mind recognizes negation in speech ("Don't do X") but according to Erickson, the unconscious mind pays more attention to the "X" than the injunction "Don't do". Erickson thus used this as the basis for suggestions that deliberately played on negation and tonally marked the important wording, to provide that whatever the client did, it was beneficial: "You don't have to go into a trance, so you can easily wonder about what you notice no faster than you feel ready to become aware that your hand is slowly rising....."

providing a Worse Alternative (The 'Double Bind') - Example: "Do you want to go into a trance now, or later?" The 'double bind' is a way of overloading the subject with two options, the acceptance of either of which represents acceptance of a therapeutic suggestion.

Transderivational search (often abbreviated to TDS) is a psychological and cybernetics term, meaning when a search is being conducted for a fuzzy match across a broad field. In computing the equivalent function can be performed using content-addressable memory.

Unlike usual searches, which look for literal (i.e. exact, logical, or regular expression) matches, a transderivational search is a search for a possible meaning or possible match as part of communication, and without which an incoming communication cannot be made any sense of whatsoever. It is thus an integral part of processing language, and of attaching meaning to communication.

A psychological example of TDS is in Ericksonian hypnotherapy, where vague suggestions are used that the patient must process intensely to find their own meanings for, thus ensuring that the practitioner does not intrude his own beliefs into the subject's inner world.[citation needed]


Abstract
Cortex functional connectivity associated with hypnosis was investigated in a single highly hypnotizable subject in a normal baseline condition and under neutral hypnosis during two sessions separated by a year. After the hypnotic induction, but without further suggestions as compared to the baseline condition, all studied parameters of local and remote functional connectivity were significantly changed. The significant differences between hypnosis and the baseline condition were observable (to different extent) in five studied independent frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma). The results were consistent and stable after 1 year. Based on these findings we conclude that alteration in functional connectivity of the brain may be regarded as a neuronal correlate of hypnosis (at least in very highly hypnotizable subjects) in which separate cognitive modules and subsystems may be temporarily incapable of communicating with each other normally.

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http://www.howtodoinductions.com

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Fail-Safe Hypnosis

He called it "Fail-Safe" Hypnosis because he never uses the traditional hypnotic command, "You Will Do such and such!" Instead he uses embedded questions, "I wonder if you will do such and such?" so that he cannot fail. If the client doesn't do such and such, well fine, he never said he would.

Dr. Rossi also utilized what is called "covering the full range of possibilities" when he says things like, "and you hands might come together, or they might drift apart, or they might stay right where they are..." which further avoids the hypnotic faux-pas of failure (the subject's hands not moving when the hypnotist asks them to) by pretty much covering everything that could possibly happen. Then, whenever there is ANY response in any direction, Dr. Rossi would utilize it by saying, "That's right! Excellent. And that movement can continue, even more," and ascribe to that movement a positive meaning. As an example, were the person's hands begin to drift toward each other he might say, "That's right. That means all this learning is really coming together for you now." It the hand were to move apart he might say, "That's right. You're really opening up to new ideas and broadening your horizons."

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"magnetic hands," is essentially a "convincer." It helps to convince the client of several things, 1. That they are hypnotizable. 2. That they have a conscious mind AND an unconscious mind and 3. that BOTH are capable of working autonomously on the client's behalf. It can be used as an icebreaker with no overt therapeutic goals beyond the aforementioned convincing, or as part of a longer induction.

It should also be noted that, in this transcript, whenever the client showed any signs of responding in the direction of their hands moving together, the guide affirmed that movement by saying something like "Yes." Or "Good." Or "That's right." These affirmings with be shown in parenthesis)

All right, let's begin.
Can you hold you hands up, elbows bent, near your face, with the palms facing each other? That's right, about 6-8 inches apart, with your fingers straight up and down.
Excellent.
Now, allow your eyes to focus on a point right here (indicate the spot midway between their hands)
Right in the middle
Of the space between your hands
That's right.
And you can rest your eyes there without strain
Just soft-focus your eyes and notice
That you can see both your hands
And you can see that imaginary spot
You can see me
You can see the walls and the door
You can really see the whole room
With your peripheral vision
While you keep your eyes on that one spot
Now
Take a deep breath in
And hold it for a few seconds
Hold it...
...And let it go
Good.
And now just continue breathing
Deeply and comfortably
And don't control the breath, just observe it.
Listen to it, feel it, or even see the rise and fall of your chest
With your peripheral vision
But sit back in your mind
And let it happen
Naturally
While you simply observe it
And the reason I'm asking you to do this
Is to make the distinction
Between the doing and the observing
A moment ago you were doing the breathing
You were controlling it
Now you are observing the breathing
Letting it happen as you watch
And in a moment from now
I want you to take that same observer position
With those hands you're watching
Because, of course, you could do something with those hands
You could make them come together
You could move them further and further apart
But I would like you to do
Nothing at all
Just observe
Just watch those hands as you would, perhaps,
Some fish in an aquarium
Or animals in a terrarium
You can be very close to them
And yet apart from them
At the same time
And you can watch those hands with a sense of curiosity
Wondering
What it is that they will do
Because, in a moment,
I'm going to ask your unconscious mind
To bring your hands closer and closer together
Until they touch
And I don't know
If they will
Move
Closer and closer together until they touch
Or if they will move away from one another
Or if they will stay "Rock Steady"
Right where they are
And I will be curious to watch and
See what they will do
And you can be curious
Even as you are aware
That your feet are comfortably on the floor
You are aware that you can hear my voice
And the sound of the noise from outside
And you can be aware of your breathing
And (that's right - your fingers are twitching
Beginning to move)
Even as you feel yourself
Sitting comfortably
The chair supporting your weight
Waiting
Watching
(Good! That's right, even more.
Wrists bending
Hands moving)
You might be aware
That the human body has an electrical magnetic field
Some people call it chi; some people call it the life force
Some people believe they can see it
Calling it the aura
(That's right! Good)
Others can feel it
And it is real
We really do have this electrical magnetic field
It has been photographed
It has been documented
And perhaps you will notice
A feeling
Perhaps a tingling
Or not
Perhaps you hands will just continue
As if drawn by an invisible force
Closer and closer together
Sometimes, like a gravitational field,
They get to a certain point
And then they are drawn much more forcibly
Now
As you hands come all the way together
I wonder if you might find your eyes
Wanting to close
That's all right
Your body taking another deep breath in
And relaxing all the way down
That's right
And what a delightful feeling of surprise
As those hands come all the way together and touch
Now...
That's right
Excellent
It's nice to know
That you have a conscious mind
And you have an unconscious mind
And both can work autonomously
On your behalf
And now your left hand
Or your right hand
May begin to float gently down to your lap
Or perhaps both together
With that sense of deepening comfort
Or do they want to stay right there?
That's all right
It's nice to know that there are no bad parts of you
There may be parts that are out of date
And need to be updated now
(That's right, the hands slowly drifting down)
But each and every part of you
Wants you to be a happy, healthy human being
And you can rest assured
(as your hands come to rest
comfortably on your lap)
That as we proceed
Part of your mind will continue to listen
Continue to record and utilize
Every positive suggestion
Every valuable and constructive idea, thought
That I offer you
That is appropriate for you
And will reinforce and set in motion
Those desires you have in your own mind
Now...

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Motion of the ocean - Moušn of d oušn
so -soo
relax - realaaax
deep -deep
tension - tenšn
let out -let out
soft
loose
so good
wondefull
tuning out -tuning aut
follow - falow
me -mee

calme
mind
sinking
easi
just -džast
right now
fealing so good
breathing
each
down
fall
yes
way
tell
absolutely
avalanche
complete
imagine

be
happy,let
ride


prohloubení:


----
because

----- jiný jazyk
aloha
om
shanti

--------


Than on the

On golden sand is where I'd lay,

It's time

There's no place I'd rather be,
Than on my surfboard out at sea,
Lingering in the ocean blue,
And if I had one wish come true,




`

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http://lightfantastic.org/imr/extras/av ... aster.html

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Guided Imagery: The Beach
By: Prentiss Price, Ph.D.
For a few moments allow yourself to take several nice, long, deep breaths. Notice the cool air coming in, filling your lungs, and the soothing warm air going out. Just let all your thoughts float away as you bring your attention to your breathing... in and out. You might mentally scan your body and notice if you're holding any tension in your muscles. If you are, just gently let all that tension melt away with every out breath.... bring your attention to your breathing, in and out.... in and out... let yourself feel more and more comfortable sitting where you are.
In your mind's eye you see yourself descending down a long, narrow, wooden stairway towards a beautiful, inviting beach. Your bare feet feel the rough weathered steps, and with each step, you feel more and more tension gently melting away from your body. As you continue down the stairway, you notice how the bright white sand stretches down the shoreline as far as you can see. The ocean is a deep shade of blue with the fine white crests of the waves sweeping towards the shore. You reach the end of the stairway and step down, sinking into the warm soothing sand. As you rub the sand lightly between your toes, a soothing sensation of relaxation gently melts through your entire body. The roaring sounds of the sea's surf, the waves crashing over each other, calms your mind and allows you to feel even more relaxed.
You begin walking slowly towards the edge of the water and notice the warm sun on your face and shoulders. The salty smell of the sea air invigorates you, and you take in a deep breath... breathe slowly out... and feel more relaxed and refreshed. Finally, you reach the water's edge and you gladly invite the waves to flow over your toes and ankles. You watch the waves glide smoothly towards you, gently sweeping around your feet, and the trails of sea water that flow slowly back out again. The cool water feels soft and comforting as you enjoy a few moments allowing yourself to gaze out on the far reaching horizon. Overhead, you notice two seagulls gracefully soaring high above the ocean waters, and you can hear their soft cries becoming faint as they glide away. And all of these sights, sounds, and sensations allow you to let go and relax more and more.
After a moment you begin strolling down the beach at the water's edge. You feel a cool gentle breeze pressing lightly against your back, and with every step you feel yourself relaxing more and more. As you walk down the beach you notice the details of sights and sounds around you, and soothing sensations of the sun, the breeze, and the sand below your feet.
As you continue your leisurely walk down the beach, you notice a colorful beach chair resting in a nice peaceful spot where the powdery soft sand lies undisturbed. You approach this comfortable looking beach chair, then you sit down, lie back, and settle in. You take in a long deep breath, breathe slowly out, and feel even more relaxed and comfortable resting in your chair. For a few moments more, let yourself enjoy the sights and sounds of this beautiful day on the beach. And, when you feel ready, you can gently bring your attention back to the room... still letting yourself feel nice and comfortable sitting where you are.

[ATA]

Roleplay with your listener. Have fun. Enjoy yourself!

Speak permissively if building rapport from scratch – such as, “You can, if you want, close your eyes now.”

Speak in declarative sentences when going for the more instructive approach. “Close your eyes now.”

use repetition. “Your legs are heavy. Heavy. So heavy. Feel your legs so heavy.”

Emphasize relaxation. “You are becoming so very very relaxed…”

Use double binds. “As your eyes become heavy, your legs become more relaxed. As your legs become more relaxed, your eyes become heavy.”

Use mind reading. “You’ve been thinking about my voice for some time now, I can tell by how quickly you have relaxed.”

Use triggers. “Whenever I say the word ‘tingle’ you will feel a buzzing tingling sensation in between your legs. I wonder when I might say it… deeper and deeper, you are so relaxed. Every word feels so very relaxing. Tingle. Yes, very good.”

Give the listener cues they are doing the right thing. “Yes, very good” – “that’s right” – “good boy” – “good girl” – “very nice.”

[ATA]

While you ___ you can ___. (listen, become relaxed)

You won’t ____ until ____. (fall into trance, you close your eyes.)

Why don’t you ___ before you ____. (close your eyes, start breathing slower)

As you feel ___ you can recognize___. (tingling sensations, your trance)

The feeling of ___ will allow you to ___.

And as ___ occurs, ___ may occur more than you’d expect. (warm feelings, tingling sensations)

And when you ___, you’ll ____. (listen, fall into trance)

Have you ever been in a trance BEFORE – now? (notice “before” and “now” which are temporal)

———–
(Fill in blanks: notice, sense, feel, your unconscious, hear, taste, smell, listen, remember, imagine, see, experience, pay attention to, wonder, choose, let your, let yourself)

Can you ____?
And would you like to ___?
Will you ___?
Are you aware of ___?
———–

And you will, will you not?
And you can, can you not?
You can’t stop it, can you?
You can try, can’t you?
You do, don’t you?
And why not just allow that to happen?
And you really don’t have to do ___ until ___.
And you won’t ___ until ___.
And you don’t need to ___.
____ are you not?
____ doesn’t it?
____ don’t you?

———————

Ericksonian intro hypnotic phrases:

[ATA]

http://www.innerhealthstudio.com/

[ATA]

sacred place

noc

schody

pláž

vlny

[ATA]

now i going to tell you strory
see yourself in the story



shrine
path
ancient

leading your way
listen as you hear
far distance
thought come to you from nowhere
you continue

circle aroud you
look around
slowly
moon light
disapearing
coming from
folowing
deaper and deaper and donwn
let go

when i say .... , .... become relaxed

[ATA]

special
intense

Now, I’m going to teach you something new.

Just focus on your

Focus on how it feels right now, just feel it out. As I talk to you, you
feel a ...
quite enjoyable
it feels so amazing

Just deep and relaxed
So relaxed
just let go

Let an image form in your mind,

Allow yourself to begin to relax

Allow yourself to relaxation begin . NOW

just breathe and relax.
Just relax and listen to my voice.

Feel a wave of relaxation begin to build.

see in your mind.

filling your lungs completely.

gentle breeze


[Wake up]

[ATA]

Begin by stretching out your muscles gently. Raise your arms above your head as you breathe in.... and lower your arms to your sides as you exhale. Raise your arms and stretch as you breathe in again.... relax and lower them as you breathe out.

Roll your shoulders forward.... and back..... now relax. Let the tension drain away from your shoulders.


Stretch the muscles of your face as you open your mouth wide and breathe in .... yawn if you wish.... stretch the muscles of your face.... and let your face slacken gently as you breathe out.... relax completely.... let your lower jaw hang loosely below your upper jaw, your teeth not touching.

Feel the relaxation flowing.... spreading...


Warm...safe....comfortable...relaxed...


1, becoming more awake, more alert, energetic....

2, feeling calm, awakening even more....

3, almost totally awake now, ready to resume with your day....

4, eyes open, stretch the muscles, becoming completely awake....

5, fully awake, fully alert, rested and ready to go.

[ATA]

Inhale deeply...and exhale slowly.
Your body feels so light...so powerful...so free...


...become more energized with each breath you take. Waking up...becoming wide awake and energetic. Get ready to get up...and get moving...becoming alert and awake. Allow the energy to grow...encourage that energy...filled with energy...grow the energy...getting more and more energetic and alive.

Allow the energy to flow through your body...completely waking up...filled with energy...

You can encourage the energy within you to increase...becoming more and more energetic...more awake...more alert...ready to go...

Concentrate on a feeling deep inside the core of your body...a feeling of energy...of power...of motivation...excitement...

Completely filled with energy from head to toe. Ready to move...ready to think...ready to act...to do everything you need to do to fly through the day ahead.

Concentrate on this feeling and allow it to grow until it is so powerful, you feel unstoppable. It is a wonderful feeling to be so energized and comfortable.

Now you can proceed with your day, ready to take on the day ahead. Feeling energized, alert, calm, and powerful.

[ATA]

You may even start thinking
because you know that on some level, you are

are going through
or even realize that there are any gaps in your knowledge of this post or your knowledge of numbers.
whether you feel it or not

so completely

slowing down the rhythm of your breathing..


Pause for a moment.... and then exhale slowly.

Let the tension melt away

slowly and gently....

[ATA]

Now open your mouth, and start to breathe in.

Open your mouth wider...wider... and open the back of your throat.

Feel the breathing passages opening. Your ears may even pop.

Allow the yawn to arrive as you inhale, and then complete the yawn by breathing out loudly with a sigh.

Take a few slow, deep breaths. Breathe in.... and out. In.... and out. In... out.

[ATA]

Start at your feet. Imagine a feeling of relaxation beginning in the tips of your toes...

a pleasant, tingly feeling

filling your feet

relaxing them completely.

Allow your ankles to relax

Feel the relaxation in your lower legs...becoming loose and relaxed...all the way to your knees.

A pleasant, calm feeling of relaxation.

..feel the relaxation in your upper legs...so relaxed...so peaceful... *all tension just melt awy

Relax your hips...letting your entire lower body become relaxed

Let your stomach relax...and your sides...relax your lower back...letting all the muscles become loose...

sinking...

so easily...

Drifting deeper...

Deeper....